There are 74 references of fir’`awna in 66 verses across 27 surahs in the Quran, are detailed below:
[2:49] And when we had saved you from a people of Pharaoh inflicting you with a horrible of the punishment to slay your sons and spare your women. In that there was a difficult test from your Lord.
[2:50] And when we had parted the sea for you that we saved you and drowned a people of Pharaoh while you watch.
[3:11] Like a behavior of a people of Pharaoh and those who were before of them, they had denied in our revelations, then God seized them because of their sins, and God is severe in the punishment.
[7:103] Then we had sent after of them (Noah, Hud, Saleh, Lut and Shuaib) Moses with our signs to Pharaoh and his advisers, but they had been unjust to them (signs), so see how had been an end of the corruptors.
[7:104] And Moses said, “O Pharaoh, indeed, I am a messenger from Lord of the worlds.
[7:109] The advisers from a people of Pharaoh said, “Indeed, this is surely an experienced magician.
[7:113] And the magicians had come to Pharaoh. They said, “Indeed, for us surely, there will be a reward if we have been the winners.”
[7:123] Pharaoh said, “You have believed in him before that I give permission to you. Indeed, this is surely a plot, you have plotted it in the city that you may drive out its people from it; so you will know soon.
[7:127] And the advisers from a people of Pharaoh said, “Will you leave Moses and his people to cause corruption in the earth and to forsake you and your gods?” He said, “We will kill their sons and will let live their women, and we are subjugators over of them.”
[7:137] And we had made inheritors the people of those who have been oppressed at east of the land and west of it, which we have blessed in it. The best word of your Lord has fulfilled for children of Israel for that they had been patient. And we destroyed what Pharaoh and his people had done to make and what they had done to build.
[7:141] And when we had saved you from a people of Pharaoh inflicting you with a horrible of the punishment to slay your sons and spare your women. That was a difficult test for you from your Lord.
[8:52] Like a behavior of a people of Pharaoh and those who disbelieved before of them, they denied in revelations of God, so God seized them because of their sins. Indeed, God is strong in severe of the punishment.
[8:54] Like a behavior of a people of Pharaoh and those who were before of them, they denied in revelations of their Lord, so we seized them because of their sins and we drowned a people of Pharaoh and all had been wrongdoers.
[10:75] Then we had sent after of them (messengers sent to their people) Moses and Aaron to Pharaoh and his advisers with our signs, while they had been arrogant and had been a people of criminals.
[10:79] And Pharaoh said, “Bring to me every experienced magician.”
[10:83] Then none believed in Moses except descendants from his people for fear of Pharaoh and their advisers lest they prosecute them. Indeed, Pharaoh was surely a tyrant in the earth, and indeed, he was surely one of the transgressors.
[10:88] And Moses said, “Our Lord, you have given Pharaoh and his advisers luxury and wealth in the life of the world. Our Lord, that they misguide from Your path. Our Lord, destroy of their wealth and harden their hearts that they cannot believe until they see the painful punishment.”
[10:90] And we passed the Children of Israel across the sea; then Pharaoh and his troops followed them in rebellion and enmity, until when the drowning overtook him, he said, “I have believed that there is no god except the One has believed in Him the Children of Israel, and I am with the submitters.”
[11:97] To Pharaoh and his advisers. But they followed a command of Pharaoh, and Pharaoh’s command was not to a right path.
[14:6] And when Moses said to his people, “Remember a favor of God upon you when He had saved you from a people of Pharaoh inflicting you with a worst punishment to slay your sons and spare your women. And in that there was a difficult test from your Lord.”
[17:101] And certainly, we had given Moses nine clear signs. So you shall ask Children of Israel, when he had come to them, then Pharaoh said to him: “Indeed, I surely think you Moses are a bewitched.”
[17:102] He said: “Certainly, you have known that none has sent down these except Lord of the heavens and the earth as evidences, and indeed, I surely think you Pharaoh are to be destroyed.”
[20:24] “Go to Pharaoh; indeed, he has transgressed.”
[20:43] “Go both of you to Pharaoh; indeed, he has transgressed.”
[20:60] Pharaoh turned away, then made his plan, then came.
[20:78] Then Pharaoh followed them with his troops, so there had covered them from the sea what had covered them.
[20:79] And Pharaoh had misled his people; and he had not guided them.
[23:46] To Pharaoh and his advisers, but they had turned arrogant, and they had been a people of exalted ones.
[26:11] “A people of pharaoh will not they fear?”
[26:16] “So, go to Pharaoh and say, `We are messengers of Lord of the worlds.”
[26:23] Pharaoh said, “And what is Lord of the worlds?”
[26:41] So when the magicians had come, they said to Pharaoh, “Is there surely a reward for us, if we have been the winners?”
[26:44] Then they had thrown their ropes and their staffs, and said, “By majesty of Pharoah, indeed, we will surely be the winners.”
[26:53] Then Pharaoh sent gatherers in the cities.
[27:12] And put your hand in your pocket; it will come forth white, without a blemish, among nine miracles to Pharaoh and his people. Indeed, they had been a disobedient people.”
[28:3] We recite to you a news of Moses and Pharaoh with the truth for a people to believe.
[28:4] Pharaoh exalted in the land and made its people into sects oppressing a group among them to slay their sons and spare their women. Indeed, He had been among the corruptors.
[28:6] And we establish them in the land, and show Pharaoh, and Haman, and their troops what they had done to fear.
[28:8] Then a member of Pharaoh’s family picked up him that he would be an enemy for them and a grief. Indeed, Pharaoh and Haman, and their troops had been sinners.
[28:9] And Pharaoh’s wife said, “A joy of eye for me and for you, do not kill him, it may have been that he may benefit us, or we may take him as a son.” And they did not perceive.
[28:32] “Put your hand into your pocket; it will come forth white without a blemish. And draw your hand towards you against fear. So these are two evidences from your Lord to Pharaoh and his advisers; indeed, they have been a disobedient people.”
[28:38] And Pharaoh said, “O advisers, I have not known for you any god other than me. So, kindle for me O Haman, upon the clay to make a lofty tower, that I may look at god of Moses. And indeed, I surely think he is one of the liars.”
[29:39] And Qarun, Pharaoh, and Haman; and certainly Moses had come to them with the clear signs, while they had been arrogant in the earth, and they had not been the foremost ones.
[38:12] There had denied before them were a people of Noah, `Aad, and Pharaoh, possessor of the stake.
[40:24] To Pharaoh, Haman, and Qarun, while they said, “A magician; a liar.”
[40:26] And Pharaoh said, “Leave me I kill Moses, and let him call his Lord. Indeed, I fear that he will change your religion, or he may spread the corruption in the land.”
[40:28] A believing man from a family of Pharaoh concealing his belief, said, “Will you kill a man that he says, “My Lord is God,” and indeed, he has come to you with the clear proofs from your Lord? If he is a liar, then upon him is his lie, and if he is truthful, there will strike you of that which he threatens you. Indeed, God does not guide whoever he is a transgressor, liar.”
[40:29] “O my people, today you belong the dominion being dominant in the earth, then whoever will help us from a punishment of God, if it had come to us?” Pharaoh said, “I do not show you except what I see, and I do not guide you except the right path.”
[40:36] Pharaoh said, “O Haman, build for me a high tower, that I may reach the ways.
[40:37] “The ways to the heavens that I may look at god of Moses. Indeed, I surely think him to be a liar.” And thus, there had been made fair-seeming to Pharaoh an evil of his deeds, had been averted from the path. And a plot of Pharaoh was not except in ruin.
[40:45] So God protected him from evils that they had plotted and had enveloped a worse of the punishment with a people of Pharaoh.
[40:46] The Fire they expose to it day and night, and on a Day establishes the Hour: “Enter a people of Pharaoh to a severe of the punishment.”
[43:46] And certainly, we had sent Moses with our proofs to Pharaoh and his advisers, then he said, “I am a messenger of Lord of the worlds.”
[43:51] Pharaoh addressed to his people; he said, “O my people, has it not been a kingdom of Egypt for me, and the rivers of it flowing underneath of me? Do you not then see?
[44:17] And certainly, we had tested a people of Pharaoh before of them, and an honorable messenger had come to them.
[44:31] From Pharaoh; indeed, he had been a great arrogant among the transgressors.
[50:13] And `Aad, Pharaoh, and brothers of Lot.
[51:38] In Moses when we had sent him to Pharaoh with a clear authority.
[54:41] And certainly, there had come the warnings to a people of Pharaoh.
[66:11] And God has cited an example of those who had believed is a wife of Pharaoh; when she said, “My Lord, build a home for me at You in the Paradise, and save me from Pharaoh and his deeds; save me from a people of the wrongdoers.”
[69:9] And there had come (disasters) to Pharaoh and whoever before of him, and the overturned cities of the sinners.
[73:15] Indeed, we have sent a messenger to you as a witness upon you, like that we had sent a messenger to Pharaoh.
[73:16] Then Pharaoh had disobeyed the messenger, so we had seized him with a devastating seizure.
[79:17] “Go to Pharaoh; indeed, he has transgressed.”
[85:18] of Pharaoh and Thamud?
[89:10] And of Pharaoh possessor of stakes.
In conclusion, this review gives a brief story of Moses, and Pharaoh and his arrogant people as a sign for the contemporary people and the people of the subsequent generations to believe in God not being arrogant like Pharaoh and his people. Pharaoh had disbelieved in God and refused to let go the people of Israel. Pharaoh and his soldiers were drowned in the sea while God had saved Moses and the people of Israel to cross the sea having victory against Pharaoh’s magicians, and his magicians had submitted to God despite severe warning of Pharaoh. Thus, Pharaoh and his people were deprived of treasures and power in the world, while there is a severe punishment for them in the Hereafter as well.
God had made the children of Israel across the sea to save them, while the Pharaoh and his people were drowned in the sea when Pharaoh had believed in God at the time of his drowning whose body had been saved as a sign for the people. Thus, He settled the children of Israel an honorable settlement and provided them with the good things.
However, this review does not help us to identify Ramesses II to be the pharaoh of oppression during his reign Moses was born, and the pharaoh Merneptah, son of Ramesses II was the Pharaoh of Exodus to whom Moses and Aaron were sent with the clear signs and authority to free the children of Israel. But the archeological excavation and the classical Christian tradition help to identify Ramesses II to be the pharaoh of oppression during his reign Moses was born, who used the labor of the enslaved Hebrews to build his northern capital, and the pharaoh Merneptah, son of Ramesses II was the Pharaoh of Exodus to whom Moses and Aaron were sent with the clear signs and authority to free the children of Israel.
In fact, in June 1975 the Pharaoh Merneptah’s mummified body was examined through endoscopy and studied interior thorax through a gap in the thoracic wall upon identifying Merneptah, son of Ramesses II being the Pharaoh of the Exodus, and reported that he most probably died either from drowning as God has told us in the Quran (10:90-92) to save his body as a sign for the people, or from very violent shocks preceding the moment when he was drown, or from both at once being his death is a scientific fact confirms the saving of his body as a sign for the people.
Peaceful Friday, salaam and God bless.
Tafazzal (08/09/2024).