There are 210 instances of hakama and its derived forms in the Quran in different grammatical forms as shown in the table below are detailed out to better understand their meanings in different contexts:
Note: The above table is populated with data obtained from www.corpus.quran.com
Out of 210 instances of hakama and its derived forms, 35 instances as highlighted in the above table are detailed out below:
Details of instances of ah’kam
There are 2 instances of ah’kam in noun form meaning “just” found in 2 verses across 2 surahs in the Quran are detailed out below:
[11:45] And Noah had called his Lord, then said: “O my Lord, indeed, my son is a member of my family, and indeed, Your promise is the truth, and You are just of the judges (wa-anta ah’kamu al-haakimeena).”
[95:8] Has not been God with just of the judges (a-laysa allahu bi-ah’kami al-haakimeena)?
Details of instances of huk’m
There are 30 instances of huk’m in noun form meaning “wisdom” found in 30 verses across 18 surahs in the Quran are detailed out below:
[3:79] It has not been for a human that God gives him the scripture and the wisdom and the prophethood (maa kaana li-basharin an yu’tiyahu allahu al-kitaaba wal-huk’ma wal-nubuwata), then he says to the people, “You shall be worshipers of me other than God, except you shall be worshipers of Lord of what you have been to teach the scripture and of what you have been to study (it).”
[5:43] And how can they make you to judge, while with themselves is the Torah – God’s judgment is in it (wa-`indahumu al-tawraatu feehaa huk’mu allahi)? Then they turn away after that, and those are not with the believers.
[5:50] Do then they seek judgment of the ignorance time (a-fa-huk’ma al-jaahiliyati yab’ghuuna)? And who has better than God’s judgment for a people to ascertain (wa-man ahsanu mina allahi huk’man li’qawmin yuuqinuuna).
[6:57] Say (Muhammad), “Indeed, I have a clear proof from my Lord, while you have denied in it. It is not with me what you seek to hasten of it. The decision is not except with God who narrates the truth, and He is best of the deciders (ini al-huk’mu illaa lillahi yaqussu al-haqqa wa-huwa ghayru al-faasileena).”
[6:62] Then they have been returned to God, their Protector – the Truth. No doubt, to Him is the judgment, and He is swiftest of the reckoners (alaa lahu al-huk’mu wa-huwa as’ra`u al-haasibeena).
[6:89] Those (18 persons mentioned by name in the earlier verses from 83 to 86) were the ones whom we have given them the scripture and the wisdom, and the prophethood (ulaika alladheena aataynaahumu al-kitaaba wal-huk’ma wal-nubuwata). So, if anyone of these would disbelieve in it, then certainly, we have entrusted with it to a people who had not been disbelievers in it.
Note: God has blessed us to derive from the Quran that He has sent down the scripture to 19 prophets, and out of 19 there is a reference of 18 prophets by name in the above verse except Muhammad, while there is a reference of Muhammad as a prophet by name in 33:40, even referring to the scripture given to him being the last edition of the scripture.
[12:22] And when he (Yusuf) had reached his maturity, we gave him wisdom and knowledge (wa-lammaa balagha ashuddahu aataynaahu huk’man wa-`ilman). And thus that we reward the good-doers.
[12:40] You do not worship other than Him except names you have named them – you and your forefathers; God has not sent down any authority to them. None but to God belongs the judgment (ini al-huk’mu illaa lillahi). He has commanded that you do not worship except Him alone. That is the established religion, but most of the people do not know.
[12:67] And he (Yusuf’s father) said, “O my sons, you do not enter from one gate, and you shall enter from different gates. And I cannot help you anything against God, the judgment is not except with God (wa-maa ugh’ni-i `ankum mina allahi min shayin ini al-huk’mu illaa lillahi). Upon Him I put trust and upon Him should put trust those who put trust.”
[13:37] And thus that we have sent down it (Quran) an Arabic directive (wa-kadhaalika anzalnaahu huk’man arabiyyan); and surely, if you (Muhammad) have followed their desires after what has come to you of the knowledge, there is no protector for you against God, nor is there any advocate.
[13:41] Do they not see that we bring the earth reducing it of its ends? And God judges; there is no adjuster of His judgment (wa-allahu yahkumu laa-mu`aqqiba lihuk’mihi). And He is swift in the reckoning.
[18:26] Say, “God knows best how long they (dwellers of the cave) stayed. To Him is known the unseen of the heavens and the earth as He sees and hears everything. Not for them there is any protector other than Him, nor does He share to anyone about His knowledge (wa-laa-yush’riku fee huk’mihi ahadan).
[19:12] “O John, you shall hold the scripture with strength.” And we had given him the wisdom at childhood (wa-aataynaahu al-huk’ma sabiyyan).
[21:74] And Lot, we had granted him wisdom and knowledge (wa-luutan aataynaahu huk’man wa-`il’man), and we had saved him from the town which had done to do wicked things; indeed, they had been a people of evil being disobedient.
[21:78] And David and Solomon, when they judged about the field when a sheep of a people had pastured in it, and we had been witnesses to their judgment (wa-kunnaa li’huk’mihim shaahideena).
[21:79] So we had given Solomon understanding of it, and to each we had given wisdom and knowledge (wa-kullan aataynaa huk’man wa-`il’man). And we had committed the mountains and the birds to glorify our praises with David. And we had been doers.
[26:21] “So I (Moses) had fled when I have been feared from you. Then my Lord has granted judgment for me (fa-wahaba lee rabbi-i huk’man) and has made me one of the sent ones.”
[26:83] “My (Abraham) Lord, grant wisdom for me (rabbi-i hab lee huk’man), and include me with the righteous.”
[27:78] Indeed, your (Muhammad) Lord will judge between themselves with His knowledge (inna rabbaka yaqdee baynahum bi-huk’mihi), and He is the Almighty, the Knower.
[28:14] And when he (Moses) had reached his full strength and had become mature, we gave him wisdom and knowledge (aataynaahu huk’man wa-`il’man). And thus that we reward the good-doers.
[28:70] And He is God – there is no god except He. To Him belongs all praise in the first (the life of the world) and the Hereafter. And to Him belongs the judgment (wa-lahu al-huk’mu) and to Him you will be returned.
[28:88] And it is not to call other god with God; there is no god except He. Everything is ending except He Himself. To Him belongs the judgment (lahu al-huk’mu) and to Him you will be returned.
[40:12] That is of that when it had been called God alone, you disbelieved, and if it were associated with Him, you believed. So, the judgment belongs to God, the High, the Great (fa-al-huk’mu lillahi al-`aliyyi al-kabeeri).
[42:10] And whatever you have differed from any matter in it (Quran), then its judgment with God (fa-huk’muhu ilaa allahi). That is God, my (prophet) Lord, upon Him I have put trust and towards Him I turn.
[45:16] And certainly, we have given the scripture to Children of Israel and the wisdom and the prophethood (wa-laqad aataynaa banee is’raa-eela al-kitaaba wa-al-huk’ma wa-al-nubuwata), and we have provided them with all good things, and we have preferred them over a people of the world.
[52:48] And you (prophet) shall be patient for judgment of your Lord (wa-is’bir li-huk’mi rabbika) as indeed, you are on our eyes, and you shall glorify with praise of your Lord when you get up.
[60:10] O you who have believed, when has come to you the believing women as emigrants, then you shall test them. God is Knower of their faith. Then if you have learned them being believers, then do not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (disbeliever husbands), nor are they lawful for them (emigrant women). And you shall give them what they have spent, and there is no blame upon you if you marry them when you have given them their bridal dues. And you do not hold in marriage with the disbelieving women. And you shall ask them what you have spent, and they shall ask what they have spent. That is God’s judgment (dhaalikum huk’mu allahi); He judges between yourselves, while God is Knower, Wise.
[68:48] So you (prophet) shall be patient for decision of your Lord (fa-is’bir li-huk’mi rabbika), and do not be like a dweller of the fish (Jonah) when he had called out while he was a distressed one.
[76:24] So you (prophet) shall be patient for decision of your Lord (fa-is’bir li-huk’mi rabbika), and do not obey any sinner from them or a disbeliever.
Details of instances of hakam
There are 3 instances of hakam in noun form meaning “judge” found in 2 verses across 2 surahs in the Quran are detailed out below:
[4:35] And if you have feared separation between two of them, then you shall appoint an arbitrator from his family (fa-ib’`athuu hakaman min ah’lihi) and an arbitrator from her family (wa-hakaman min ah’lihaa). If they both wish reconciliation, God will cause reconciliation between both of them. Indeed, God has been Knower, Cognizant.
[6:114] Is there then other than God should I (prophet) seek as a judge (a-fa-ghayra allahi ab’taghi-i hakaman), while He is the One who has sent down to you the scripture is a detailed one? And those whom we have given them the scripture know that it is a sent down from your Lord with the truth. So, do not be with the doubtful ones.
35 instances of ah’kam and its derived in noun form in different contexts found in 33 verses in the Quran confirm that God has given the scripture with truth and detail to the prophets to hold fast to it as well as to study and teach it to the people being patient for judgment of their Lord, while He is the best Judge and will judge any disputes between the people being Knower. Wise and Cognizant. But what we must understand there is no god except God and we should not call any other god with God, but it is unfortunate that many of us disbelieve when God alone has been called, while they believe if it has been associated with Him, even He is the High, the Great. The judgment belongs to God to Whom is our return and there is no escape for the disbelievers and the idol worshipers, while the believers will be rewarded for their perfect belief and practice. God has also given us an opportunity to be sure that the messengers who are given the scripture are the prophets reflecting to the verses: 3:79, 6:89 and 45:16, even though He has made explicit the definition of prophet in 2:213 from messenger as stated in 3:81 that many are not clear about the two crucial terms God has used in the Quran given as a guidance and a statute book for the people with the clear proofs (2:185).
Peaceful Friday, salaam and God bless.
Tafazzal (09/01/2023).