There are 210 instances of hakama and its derived forms in the Quran in different grammatical forms as shown in the table below are detailed out to better understand their meanings in different contexts:
Note: The above table is populated with data obtained from www.corpus.quran.com
Out of 210 instances of hakama and its derived forms, 50 instances as highlighted in the above table are detailed out below:
Details of instances of hakama
There are 45 instances of hakama in verb form I meaning “to judge” found in 40 verses across 21 surahs in the Quran are detailed out below:
[2:113] The Jews said, “It has not been the Christians are on anything,” while the Christians said, “It has not been the Jews are on anything,” even though they recite the scripture. Like that said those who do not know similar to their saying. So, God will judge between themselves on a Day of the Resurrection in what they have done to differ in it (fa-allahu yah’kumu baynahum yawma al-qiyaamati feemaa kaanuu feehi yakh’talifuuna).
[2:213] Mankind had been a single community as God has raised up (from them) the prophets as bearers of good news and warners and has sent down with them the scripture with the truth to judge between the people in what they had differed in it (wa-anzala ma`ahumu al-kitaaba bil-haqqi li-yah’kuma bayna al-naasi feemaa ikh’talafuu feehi). And none had differed in it except those who had been given it after what had come to them the clear proofs out of jealousy between themselves. Then God has guided those who have believed that which they had differed in it of the truth with His permission. And God guides whoever He wills to a straight path.
[3:23] Do you not see to those who have been given a part of the scripture? They are invited to a scripture of God (Quran) to judge between themselves (yud’`awna ilaa kitaabi allahi li-yah’kuma baynahum), then a party of them turns away and they are the averse.
[3:55] When God said, “O Jesus, indeed, I am your Terminator of life and your Raiser to Me, and your Purifier from those who have disbelieved, and I am a Maker of superior those who have followed you (Jesus) to those who have disbelieved on a day of the Resurrection. Then to Me is all your return that I will judge between yourselves in what you have done to differ in it (fa-ah’kumu baynakum feemaa kuntum feehi takh’talifuuna).
[4:58] Indeed, God orders you that you give back the trusts to their owners, and when you have judged between the people (wa-idhaa hakamtum bayna al-naasi) that you will judge with the justice (an tahkumuu bil-`adli). Indeed, God has been excellent what He advises you with it. indeed, God has been Hearer, Seer.
[4:105] Indeed, we have sent down to you (Muhammad) the scripture with the truth so that you can judge between the people with what God shows you (li-tahkuma bayna al-naasi bimaa araaka allahu), and there would not be an advocacy for the betrayers.
[4:141] Those who are waiting for you, then if there has been for you a victory from God, they said, “Were we not with you?” And if there had been a chance for the disbelievers, they said, “Did we not take advantage over you and protect you from the believers?” So, God will judge between yourselves on a day of the Resurrection (fa-allahu yahkumu baynakum yawma al-qiyaamati), and God will never make a way (victory) for the disbelievers over the believers.
[5:1] O you who have believed, you shall fulfill of the contracts. It has been made lawful for you the four-footed livestock except what is recited to you, not being permitted the hunting while you are in state of sanctity (Ihram). Indeed, God decrees whatever He wills (inna allaha yahkumu maa yureedu).
[5:42] Listeners to the falsehood are devourers of the forbidden. So if they have come to you (Muhammad), then you shall judge between themselves (fa-uh’kum baynahum), or you shall turn away from them. And if you turn away from them, then they cannot harm you in anything. And if you have judged (wa-in hakamta), then you shall judge between themselves with the justice (fa-uh’kum baynahum bil-qis’ti). Indeed, God loves the just ones.
[5:44] Indeed, we have sent down the Torah; there was guidance and light in it. The prophets those who had submitted (to God) judged with it for those who have been Jews (yahkumu bihaa al-nabiyuuna alladheena aslamuu lilladheena haaduu), and the rabbis and the scholars with what they had been entrusted of God’s scripture, and they had been witnesses upon it. So you do not fear the people, while you shall fear Me, and you do not sell of My revelations for a small price. And whoever does not judge with what God has sent down (wa-man lam yahkumu bimaa anzala allahu), then those – they are the disbelievers.
[5:45] And we have decreed upon them in it (Torah) that the life for the life, and the eye for the eye, and the nose for the nose, and the ear for the ear, and the tooth for the tooth, and the injuries in retribution. But whoever has given charity with it, then it is an expiation for him. And whoever does not judge with what God has sent down (wa-man lam yahkumu bimaa anzala allahu), then those – they are the wrongdoers.
[5:47] And the people of the Gospel shall judge with what God has sent down in it (Gospel) (wal-yahkumu ahlu al-injeeli bimaa anzala allahu feehi). And whoever does not judge with what God has sent down (wa-man lam yahkumu bimaa anzala allahu), then those – they are the disobedient.
[5:48] And we have sent down to you (Muhammad) the scripture (Quran) with the truth, confirming that which was before of it of the scripture, and consolidating of it. So you shall judge between themselves of what God has sent down (fa-uh’kum baynahum bimaa anzala allahu), and you do not follow their wishes when has come to you of the truth. For each we have made law and rite; and if God had willed, He would have surely made you one community; but to test you in what He has given you. So you shall race for the good. To God is your return for all, then He will inform you of what you have done to differ.
[5:49] And that you shall judge between themselves of what God has sent down (wa-ani uh’kum baynahum bimaa anzala allahu), and you do not follow their desires, and you shall beware of them lest they divert you from that what God has sent down to you (Muhammad). And if they have turned away, then you shall know that God intends that He will afflict them for that of their sins. And indeed, many of the people are surely disobedient.
[5:95] O you who have believed, you do not kill the game (animal) while you are in Ihram. And whoever has killed it being deliberate from you, then the penalty is like of what he has killed from the livestock judging with it by two just men from you that offering is reaching the Ka`bah (yahkumu bihi dhawaa `adlin minkum hadyan baligha al-ka`bati), or an expiation by feeding needy people, or an equivalent fasting that he can perceive a consequence of his deed. God has pardoned of what has past while whoever has returned, then God will take retribution of him. And God is Almighty, Possessor of retribution.
[6:136] And they have made a share for God from what He has produced from the crops and the livestock, while they have said, “This is for God,” by their claim, “and this is for our partners.” So what has been for their partners does not reach to God, and what has been for God that it reaches to their partners! It has been evil what they judge (saa-a maa yahkumuuna).
[7:87] And if there had been a group among you who have believed in which I (Shuaib) have been sent with it, and a group they do not believe, then you shall be patient until God judges between ourselves (fa-is’biruu hatta yah’kuma allahu baynanaa); and He is the best Judge.”
[10:35] Say, “Is there any of your partners who guides to the truth?” Say, “God guides to the truth. Is then He whoever guides to the truth more worthy that He should be followed, or he whoever may not be guided, except that he is guided? Then what is for you how do you judge (fa-maa lakum kayfa tah’kumuuna)?”
[10:109] And you (Muhammad) shall follow what is revealed to you, and shall be patient until God judges (wa-is’bir hattaa yah’kuma allahu), and He is the best Judge.
[12:80] Then when they had despaired of him, they had engaged in discussion. Their eldest said, “Do you not know that your father certainly has taken a promise by God upon you, and before you had failed about Yusuf? So I will not leave the place until my father permits me or God judges for me (aw yah’kuma lee), and He is the best Judge.”
[13:41] Do they not see that we bring the earth reducing it of its ends? And God judges (wa-allahu yah’kumu); there is no adjuster of His judgment. And He is swift in the reckoning.
[16:59] He (who has been given a good news of a female child) hides from the people of the evil what he has been given good news about it. Should he keep it in humiliation or should it bury in the dust? No doubt, it has been evil what they decide (alaa saa-a maa yah’kumuuna).
[16:124] The Sabbath has only been decreed for those who had disputed in it. And indeed, your Lord surely will judge between themselves on a day of the Resurrection (wa-inna rabbaka la’yah’kumu baynahum yawma al-qiyaamati) in what you have done to differ in it.
[21:78] And David and Solomon, when they judge about the field when a sheep of a people had pastured in it (idh yahkumaani fee al-harthi idh nafashat feehi ghanamu al-qawmi), and we have been witnesses to their judgment.
[21:112] He said, “My Lord, judge with the truth (rabbi uh’kum bil-haqqi) and our Lord is the Gracious, the One who is sought help against what you attribute.”
[22:56] The sovereignty on that day belongs to God, He will judge between themselves (yahkumu baynahum). So, those who have believed and have done the righteous deeds will be in gardens of the Bliss.
[22:69] God will judge between yourselves on a day of the Resurrection (allahu yahkumu baynahum yawma al-qiyaamati) in what you have done to differ in it.
[24:48] And when they have been called to God and His messenger to judge between themselves (wa-idhaa du`uu ilaa allahu wa-rasuulihi liyahkuma baynahum), then a party of them were averse.
[24:51] It has only been saying of the believers when they have been called to God and His messenger to judge between themselves that they say (idhaa du’uu ilaa allahi wa-rasuulihi liyahkuma baynahum an yaquuluu), “We have heard and we have obeyed.” And those – they are the successful ones.
[29:4] Or do those who commit the evil deeds think that they can escape from us? It has been evil what they decide (saa-a maa yahkumuuna).
[37:154] What is with you? How do you judge (kayfa tah’kumuuna)?
[38:22] When they appeared before David, then he had been afraid of them. They said, “Do not fear. We are two litigants; one of us has wronged to another; so, judge between ourselves with the truth (fa-uh’kum bayna bil-haqqi), and do not be unjust and guide us to the even path.”
[38:26] O David, we have made you a ruler in the earth. So, you shall judge between the people with the truth (fa-uh’kum bayna al-naasi bil-haqqi), and do not follow the desire, then it will divert you from a path of God. Indeed, those who go astray from a path of God, for them there is a severe punishment for what they have forgot a day of the Reckoning.
[39:3] No doubt, to God belongs the religion is the perfect one, and those who have taken protectors other than Him: “We do not worship them except that they may bring us near to God’s nearness.” Indeed, God will judge between themselves in what they dispute in it (inna allaha yahkumu baynahum fee maa hum bihi takh’talifuuna). Indeed, God does not guide whoever – he is a disbelieving liar.
[39:46] Say: “O God, Creator of the heavens and the earth, Knower of the unseen and the seen; You will judge between Your servants in what they have done to dispute in it (anta tah’kumu bayna ibaadika fee maa kaanuu feehi yakh’talifuuna).”
[40:48] Those who had been arrogant said, “Indeed, we are all in it. Indeed, God certainly has judged between the (His) servants (inna allaha qad hakama bayna al-`ibaadi).”
[45:21] Or have those who have committed the evil deeds thought that we will make them like those who have believed and have done the righteous deeds equal their life and their death? It has been evil what they judge (saa-a maa yah’kumuuna).
[60:10] O you who have believed, when has come to you the believing women as emigrants, then you shall test them. God is Knower of their faith. Then if you have learned them being believers, then do not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (disbeliever husbands), nor are they lawful for them (emigrant women). And you shall give them what they have spent, and there is no blame upon you if you marry them when you have given them their bridal dues. And You do not hold in marriage with the disbelieving women. And you shall ask them what you have spent, and they shall ask what they have spent. That is God’s judgment; He judges between yourselves (yah’kumu baynahum), while God is Knower, Wise.
[68:36] What is for you? How do you judge (kayfa tah’kumuuna)?
[68:39] Or for you there are oaths from us on reaching towards a day of the Resurrection; indeed, for you there is what you judge (inna lakum lamaa tah’kumuuna)?
Details of instances of yuhakkimu
There are 2 instances of yuhakkimu in verb form II meaning “to make judge” found in 2 verses across 2 surahs in the Quran are detailed out below:
[4:65] Then nay, by your Lord; they will not believe until they make you judge about what has arisen between themselves (hattaa yuhakkimuuka feemaa shajara baynahum), then they will noy find any discomfort in themselves for what you have decided, and they submit a total submission.
[5:43] And how can they make you judge (wa-kayfa yahukkimuunaka), while with themselves is the Torah – God’s command is in it? Then they turn away after that, and those are not with the believers.
Details of instances of uh’kimat
There are 2 instances of uh’kimat in verb form IV meaning “to perfect” found in 2 verses across 2 surahs in the Quran are detailed out below:
[11:1] (By) Alif.Laam.Reh. A scripture has been perfected its verses (kitaabun uh’kimat aayaatuhu), then has been explained in detail from One who is Wise, Cognizant.
[22:52] And we have not sent before yourself (Muhammad) any messenger nor a prophet except that when he has recited, the devil has cast in his recitation, while God abolishes what the devil casts. Then God perfects His revelations (thumma yuh’kimu aayaatihi), and God is Knower, Wise.
Details of instances of yatahaakamuu
There is 1 instances of yatahaakamuu in verb form VI meaning “to judge” found in 4:60 in the Quran is detailed out below:
[4:60] Do you not see to those who claim that they have believed in what has been sent down to you (Muhammad), and what has been sent down before yourself? They wish to judge towards the false deity (yureeduuna an yatahaakamuu ilaa al-taaghuuti), while certainly, they have been commanded to reject of it; and the Satan wishes to mislead them far away astray.
50 instances of hakama in different verb forms found in 45 verses in the Quran confirm that God has sent down the scripture with the truth, which has perfect verses explained in detail to judge any disputes between the people, and it has been His system from the past. Thus the Torah and the Gospel had been used to judge any disputes between the people until the Quran has been sent down. Those who do not judge what God has sent down are the disbelievers as well as those who accept the false deity other than God are the losers as God will judge between them with it on a day of the Resurrection and He is the best Judge being Knower and Wise.
Peaceful Friday, salaam and God bless.
Tafazzal (08/25/2023).